what inspired gw hegel to come up with his dialectic
GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (1770-1831)
DIALECTICS
Within the architectonic model, Kant'due south categories were isolated from each other and appeared to impose themselves upon the structure. Yet useful the categories were in explaining Kant's theory of homo reason, Hegel wanted to notice a starting betoken, a first cause. For Georg Hegel (1770-1831), "crusade" was "reason"—-what is the reason that this outcome happened? The "reason" has a "consequence"—-because of this, that happened. Therefore the starting time cause must be reason and the earth is the consequent of reason. Reason, for Hegel is not an ideology, as it was for the Enlightenment philosophers. Reason is an abstraction, which becomes part of a process, which produces a result. It follows that each category must be logically deduced from the other, so that they all relate, with each emerging from the other. The categories, then, had to be a single unified whole. The central concept of Hegel is the "organic," which has less to practice with the natural and more to do with the logical deduction of i thing from some other, due to a process that binds all elements together into an organic whole. The whole that is produced is composed of necessary parts, none of which can be discarded. Hans-Georg Gadamer explained Hegel'due south dialectic in his volume,Hegel's Dialectic: Five Hermeneutical Studies, stating: "Hegel felt that the essential methodological rigor was missing in his contemporaries use of dialectic, and, indeed, his own dialectical process is entirely peculiar to him. Information technology is an immanent progression from one logical decision to another which, it is claimed, does not brainstorm with any hypothetical assumption simply rather which, in post-obit self-movement of the concepts, presents the immanent consequences of thought in its progressive unfolding of itself.Hither no transitions are determined externally."
The commencement principle of the world, Hegel reasoned, must be Being. Being is both universal and necessary. All things take being and Being must be the highest possible abstraction. Having located the first crusade, or kickoff category, the philosopher then had to develop a mechanism from which other categories could be deduced from Being. These categories, unlike Kant's, could not be arbitrary; they had to be necessary and universal, non but because they sounded "logical," but also because the categories were linked through deduction. The method of deduction was the Dialectical Method. The Method was the philosopher's fashion of avoiding pictorial thinking or the tendency of humans to think in images or things. For example, Kant's philosophical construction was like a building or resembled an architectonic model. One could easily imagine a house within which the categories become rooms. Although one tin certainly envision Hegel'southward dialectic, the dialectic is process orientated and dynamic, compared to a more static model. Hegel invented the dialectical method, based upon his realization that every concept necessarily contains its own opposite, hidden away, and that this contrary must be extricated or deduced and revealed from the first term. For Hegel, his categories had to exist objective and ontological, meaning that they had to be a proiri and independent.
Hegel with his students in Berlin
Therefore, Hegel began with Being. If Existence was to be the starting point, it must be the fundamental cause. Existence must necessarily be the first category because, without beingness, zilch else could be. Being, Hegel reasoned, equally an abstruse and pure category contains Nothingness and therefore can be ultimately reduced to Nothingness–its logical opposite. But to have deduced nothingness from being is to likewise say that being and nothingness are the same. Being passes into Nothingness; Nothingness passes into Beingness. This passing (process) is called Condign. In other words, from Beingness and Pettiness, nosotros can deduce Condign. These are the first 3 Categories of Hegelian Logic. It is not we, however, who deduce these categories; the categories necessarily deduce themselves.
The first triad: Being, Nothingness, Condign is based upon a founding affirmative, the thesis, the founding negative, the antonym, and the process that resolves the contradiction or the dialectic between the two, the founding synthesis. These are the three highest and well-nigh abstruse categories, universal and existing by virtue of necessity and deduced by the method of deduction. Equally obvious is the result of the system which unfolds in 3 parts: the powers of Reason volition always force the system forrard. The Dialectic will button onward until a betoken is reached when no contradiction or antithesis is possible. At that point ane has reached the Absolute. Hither in the final category all distinctions are merged, because as the dialectic moves frontward, nothing is lost, all is retained and assimilated. The unity of the Absolute is necessary, grounded in the Logic of the thesis/antithesis conflict itself. The antonym will never discard the thesis and the synthesis volition incorporate both the thesis and the antithesis, conveying the sequence of triads forward towards the Absolute. The terminus of Hegel's arrangement is the category of the Absolute Idea, where nature and idea are transcended be the Spirit.
The apply of the triadic formation: thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis is convenient but too simplified. Hegel went in to detail inEncyclopaedia Logic(1817) where he explained the logic of the dialectic in terms of moments. This volume can exist looked like as a mature cosmetic to his early and definitive Phenomenology of Spirit (1807). In the Encyclopedia Hegel stated, " It is every bit important, on the other hand, that philosophy should exist quite clear about the fact that its content is nothing other than the bones import that is originally produced and produces itself in the domain of the living spirit. the content that is made into the earth, the outer and inner world of consciousness; in other words, the content of philosophy is actuality. The first consciousness of this content is called experience. Since philosophy is distinguished only in grade from other means of becoming conscious of this same identical import, its accord with actuality and experience is necessary. Indeed, this accordance can be viewed every bit an outward touchstone, at least, for the truth of a philosophy; just as it has to be seen as the supreme and ultimate purpose of science to bring about the recon ciliation of the reason that is witting of itself with the reason that is, or actuality, through the cognition of this accord."
Another term for "moment" is side and Hegel states that the structure of logic has iii sides. The first moment is a fixed moment, a signal before anything has begun to "move," so to speak. Here in this frozen catamenia, all definitions, all meanings are motionless, apparently accepted, plain beyond questioning. Then the stability is shaken by the appearance of the opposite which both negates and retains the original concept. Hegel used the termaufheben,which allows the first moment to be retained out of necessity considering the 2d movement would make no sense without its counterpoint, the first motion. Recall that Hegel insisted upon necessity: in society for logic to exist, its contrary must also be and the negation evolves necessarily out of the positive. Necessity also propels the terminal moment, that of synthesis or more properly the "speculative movement." This moment does not come up from no where as an external force of negation. Instead, the tertiary movement, called determinate negation, negates the beginning 2 by expressing fatal flaws in the showtime two concepts.
According to Robert Brandon, determinate negation (bestimmte Negation) is Hegel's "nearly fundamental conceptual tool." Hegel explained this third movement in the preface to his Phenomenology: "..in speculative Ibegreifenden) thinking.. the negative belongs to the content itself, and is the positive, both as the immanent motility and determination the content, and as the whole of the process. Looked at as a result, what emerges from this process is the determinate negative, which is consequently a positive content likewise." And then as the Introduction of the same book continues, "For it is only when it is taken as the issue of that from which it emerges, that is, in fact, the true consequence; in that case it is itself a determinant nothingness, i which has a content. The skepticism that ends our with the bare abstraction of pettiness or emptiness cannot get any farther from in that location but must await t see whether something new comes along and what it is, in society to throw information technology too into the same empty abyss. But so, on the other hand, the consequence is conceived as information technology is in truth,namely as a determinate negation, a new form has thereby immediately arisen, and in the negation the transition is made through which the progress through the complete series of forms comes almost of itself." Hegel also stated, "Contradiction is the dominion of the true, noncontradiction is the rule of the false."
In his volume,The Unity of Hegel'due south "Phenomenology of Spirit": A Systematic Interpretation, Jon Stewart helpfully explained, "The fundamental idea behind this doctrine that is illustrated in these passages is that although any given position has been negated and rendered inconsistent, notwithstanding something remains left over and provides a starting point or ground for a new position." He also clarified the significant of determinate, a term that Hegel always italicized: "..contradiction is not a pure or complex negation, but other in the negation something determinate remains." Truth, as Stewart stated is to be constitute in contradiction and two contradictory propositions do not negate each other simply get a higher truth. "..past means of the determinate negation, the old view is raised to a higher level which can exist expressed with the Latin give-and-take elevate. With a new network of beliefs based on the datum or experience that contradicted the onetime conventionalities system is able to account for more than phenomena than the old. The new belief system can presumably business relationship for even so phenomena every bit the sometime system in add-on to the set of facts or experiences which proved contradictory to the the old system."This process tin can keep because, every bit Hegel argued, that which is finite contains its own reverse or "sublation." The first and second moments contradict one another and ascension above the start movement and its limitations, above the second movement and its limitations, in the third element of the triad evolves into a new moment, that Hegel described equally "higher" and "richer," because "it is the unity of itself and its contrary." The move from the finite to the universal is progressive and continuous, driving to a completion, a place that Hegel named the Accented.
Read also "Kant and Reason" and "Friedrich Schiller" and "Hegel" and "Hegel and His Bear upon on Fine art and Aesthetics" and "Hegel, Art, and the Dialectical Method"
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